Integrating Environmental and Social Governance into Community-Based Tourism Approaches in Botswana
الملخص
This research explores the integration of Environmental and Social Governance (ESG) into Community-Based Tourism (CBT) strategies in Botswana, emphasising the critical role of sustainable tourism practices in preserving natural resources while enhancing social well-being and economic benefits for local communities. By evaluating current CBT initiatives, the research identifies key ESG principles that can enhance the effectiveness and sustainability of these programs. Through case studies and stakeholder interviews, the research highlights successful examples and challenges in implementing ESG frameworks within the tourism sector. The findings suggest that a process management-oriented approach to governance that incorporates community involvement, environmental stewardship, and socio-economic development is essential for the long-term success and resilience of tourism in Botswana. This approach significantly contributes to developing a community participatory framework for sustainable tourism development in the country, ensuring that local communities are active participants in decision-making processes and benefit equitably from tourism activities
التنزيلات
المراجع
Dodds, R., & Joppe, M. (2009). CSR in the Tourism Industry? The Status of and Potential for Certification, Codes of Conduct and Guidelines. UNEP Industry and Environment, 30(2), 27–37.
Goodwin, H. (2008). Tourism, Local Communities and Development: Three Case Studies. Development Policy Review, 26(4), 409–428.
Gössling, S., & Hall, C. M. (2006). Tourism and Global Environmental Change: Ecological, Social, Economic, and Political Interrelationships. Routledge.
Jamieson, W., & Nadkarni, S. (2009). Tourism and Local Economic Development in Sub-Saharan Africa. International Finance Corporation.
Khama Rhino Sanctuary Trust. (2020). Conservation and Community Development Annual Report. Khama Rhino Sanctuary Trust, Botswana.
Manyara, G., & Jones, E. (2007). Community-Based Tourism Enterprises Development in Kenya: An Exploration of Their Potential as Avenues of Poverty Reduction. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 15(6), 628–644.
Mbaiwa, J. E. (2003). The Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts of Tourism Development in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Journal of Arid Environments, 54(2), 447–467.
Mbaiwa, J. E., & Stronza, A. (2010). The Effects of Tourism Development on Rural Livelihoods in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(5), 635–656.
Monkgogi, B., & Stone, M. T. (2020). Community Participation in Tourism in Botswana: A Critical Evaluation of CBT and Stakeholder Engagement. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 9(4), 1–20.
Okavango Research Institute (ORI). (2019). Okavango Delta Management Plan: Annual Report. University of Botswana.
Saarinen, J. (2010). Community-Based Tourism Initiatives in Namibia: The Changing Roles of Conservation and Development. Journal of Ecotourism, 9(2), 203–221.
Scheyyens, R. (2002). Tourism for Development: Empowering Communities. Pearson Education.
Sebele, L. S. (2010). Community-Based Tourism Ventures, Benefits and Challenges: Khama Rhino Sanctuary Trust, Central District, Botswana. Tourism Management, 31(1), 136–146.
Spenceley, A. (2008). Responsible Tourism: Critical Issues for Conservation and Development. Earthscan.
Stone, M. T. (2013). Community Empowerment Through Tourism: The Case of Botswana. Progress in Development Studies, 13(4), 255–270.
World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC). (2019). Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2019. WTTC.
Zulu, L. (2009). Community Forest Management in Southern Africa: An Action Arena for Decentralization and Governance Reform. International Journal of the Commons, 3(1), 31–53.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2025 Olivia Nthoi, Nelson Zengeni, PhD, Jacob Mapara, PhD
هذا العمل مرخص حسب الرخصة Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
