Correlates of the Knowledge of Emotional and Behavioral Disturbances among Teachers in Crowded Post-Covid-19 Lockdown Classrooms in Kasese District, Uganda
الملخص
This study assessed secondary school teachers’ overall knowledge of emotional and behavioural disturbances (EBDs) among the growing number of students with EBDs in post-COVID-19 lockdown government-aided schools in Western Uganda. The study was quantitative, employing a correlational cross-sectional survey research design. A sample of 330 full-time teachers was drawn from three public secondary schools through stratified and simple random sampling. Data were collected using the Knowledge of Emotional and Behavioral Disturbances Questionnaire (KEBDQ) to establish relationships between variables. Pearson correlation coefficient and a stepwise linear regression were used to analyse data. Findings revealed that teachers’ overall knowledge of EBDs was very low implying that they were not aware of the characteristics of these learners and thus managing them in their crowded classrooms may be a disaster. A stepwise linear regression revealed that undergraduate courses and crowded classrooms significantly predicted teachers’ overall knowledge of EBDs in crowded classrooms after the COVID-19 lockdown. In conclusion, based on the findings, higher teacher education institutions should make undergraduate courses related to EBDs compulsory during professional training, and the Ministry of Education and Sports should reduce overcrowded classrooms for effective classroom management
التنزيلات
المراجع
Akdağ, B. (2023). Exploring teachers’ knowledge and attitudes towards attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and its treatment in a district of Turkey. Cureus 15(9), e45342. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.45342
Alkahtani, K.D.F. (2022). Teachers’ knowledge and attitudes toward sustainable inclusive education for students with emotional and behavioral disturbances. Children, 9(1940), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9121940
Amini, M., Djazayery, A., Majdzadeh, R., Taghdisi, M. H., & Jazayeri, S. (2015). Effect of school-based interventions to control childhood obesity: A review of reviews. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 6(68), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.4103/2008-7802.162059
Anderson, L.F., & Hendrickson, J.M. (2007). Early-career EBD teacher knowledge, ratings of competency importance, and observed use of instruction and management competencies. Education & Treatment of Children, 30(4), 43–65. https://doi.org/10.1353/etc.2007.0019
Araujo, M. C., Carneiro, P., Cruz-Aguayo, Y., & Schady, N. (2016). Teacher quality and learning outcomes in kindergarten. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 131(3), 1415e1453. https://doi.org/10.1920/wp.ifs.2016.0916
Bal, A., Betters‐Bubon, J., & Fish, R. E. (2019). A multilevel analysis of statewide disproportionality in exclusionary discipline and the identification of emotional disturbance. Education & Urban Society, 51(2), 247–268. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013124517716260
Barker, K. S., Kim, D-H., & Pendergraft, E. (2022). “It felt good to be included”: A mixed methods study of pre-kindergarten teachers’ experiences with professional learning. Early Childhood Education Journal, 50, 593–604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-021-01175-4
Bolton, R. (2019, July 25). Ideology crushes teachers’ ability to control classes. Australian Financial Review. Retrieved from https://www.afr.com/policy/healthand-education/ideology-crushes-teachers- ability-to-control-classes-20190724- p52a6s
Bowers, M., Francis, T., & Baker-Henningham, H. (2022). The Irie Classroom Toolbox: Mixed method assessment to inform future implementation and scale-up of an early childhood, teacher-training, violence-prevention programme. Frontiers in Public Health, 10(1040952), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1040952
Brandenburg, R., McDonough, S., Burke, J., & White, S. (Eds.). (2016). Teacher Education: Innovation, intervention and impact. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0785-9
Brunsting, N. C., Bettini, E., Rock, M., Common, E. A., Royer, D. J., Lane, K. L., Xie, F., Chen, A., & Zeng, F. (2022). Burnout of special educators serving students with emotional-behavioural disturbances: A longitudinal study. Remedial and Special Education, 43(3), 160–171. https://doi.org/10.1177/07419325211030562
Bushaw, W. J., & Lopez, S. J. (2010). A time for change: The 42nd annual Phi Delta Kappa/Gallup poll of the public’s attitudes toward the public schools. Phi Delta Kappan, 92(1), 9–26.
Camacho, D. A., Moore, S. A., Pas, E. T., & Catherine P. Bradshaw, C. P. (2022). Interactional quality in middle schools: Latent profiles and their associations with teacher, classroom, and school compositional factors. Journal of School Psychology, 93, 79-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2022.06.001.
Carey, A. (2019, December 4). Australian students ‘among the worst in the world’ for class discipline. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved from https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/australian-students-among-the-worst-in-the-worldfor-class-discipline-20191204-p53gwk.html.
Chan, E. S. M., Shero, J. A., Hand, E. D., Cole, A. M., Gaye, F., Spiegel, J. A., & Kofler, M. J. (2023). Are reading interventions effective for at-risk readers with ADHD? A meta-analysis. Journal of Attention Disorders, 27(2), 182-200. https://doi.org/10.1177/10870547221130111
Cho, V., Mansfield, K.C., & Claughton, J. (2020). The past and future technology in classroom management and school discipline: A systematic review. Teaching and Teacher Education, 90(1), 103037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2020.103037
Churchward, P., & Willis, J. (2023). Early career teachers and the always becoming horizon of quality teaching. Teachers and Teaching, 29(1),1– 19. https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2022.2144818
Cochran-Smith, M. (2021). Exploring teacher quality: International perspectives. European Journal of Teacher Education, 44(3),415–428. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2021.1915276
Cumming, M. M., Smith, S. W., & O’Brien, K. (2019). Perceived stress, executive function, perceived stress regulation, and behavioral outcomes of adolescents with and without significant behavior problems. Psychology in the Schools, 56(9), 1359–1380. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22293
Dong, X., Burke, M. D., Ramirez, G., Xu, Z., & Bowman-Perrott, L. (2023). A meta-analysis of social skills interventions for preschoolers with or at risk of early emotional and behavioral problems. Behavioral Sciences, 13(11), 940- 955. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13110940
Donolato, E., Cardillo, R., Mammarella, I. C., & Melby-Lervåg, M. (2022). Language and specific learning disorders in children and their co‐occurrence with internalizing and externalizing problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 63(5), 507–518. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13536
Friedman-Krauss, A.H., Raver, C.C., Neuspiel, J.M., & Kinsel, J. (2014). Child behavior problems, teacher executive functions, and teacher stress in Head Start classrooms. Early Educational Development, 25(5), 681–702. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2013.825190
Gable, R.A., Tonelson, S.W., Sheth, M., Wilson, C., & Park, K.L. (2012). Importance, usage, and preparedness to implement evidence-based practices for students with emotional disabilities: A comparison of knowledge and skills of special education and general education teachers. Education & Treatment of Children, 35(4), 499-519. https://doi.org/10.1353/etc.2012.0030
Garwood, J. D., McKenna, J. W., & Ciullo, S. (2020). Early reading instruction with embedded behavioral supports for children with emotional and behavioral disorders. Beyond Behavior, 29(1), 6– 17. https://doi.org/10.1177/1074295619900380
Gajda, A., Bo´jko, A., & Stoecker, E. (2022). The vicious circle of stereotypes: Teachers’ awareness of and responses to students’ gender-stereotypical behaviour. PLoS ONE 17(6), e0269007. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269007
Graham, L. J., White, S. L. J., Cologon, K., & Pianta, R. C. (2020). Do teachers’ years of experience make a difference in the quality of teaching? Teaching & Teacher Education, 95, 1- 10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2020.103190
Greene, R. W. (2008). Lost at school: Why our kids with behavioral challenges are falling through the cracks and how we can help them. Scribner
Hamad, H., Angelöw, A., & Psouni, E. (2023). Protocol for evaluation of effects of a psychoeducational trauma- informed intervention directed at schools. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 14(2), 1- 11. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2023.2263322
Hằng, N.V.T., Hằng, N.T., & Liên, N.T. (2022). Classroom management competence of novice teachers in Vietnam. Cogent Education, 9(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2022.2124042
Harrison, J. R., Vannest, K., Davis, J., & Reynolds, C. (2012). Common problem behaviors of children and adolescents in general education classrooms in the United States. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 20(1), 55– 64. https://doi.org/10.1177/1063426611421157
Horbach, J., Mayer, A., Scharke, W., Heim, S., & Günther, T. (2020). Development of behavior problems in children with and without specific learning disorders in reading and spelling from kindergarten to fifth grade. Scientific Studies of Reading, 24(1), 57– 71. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888438.2019.1641504
Joseph, B. (2017). Getting the most out of Gonski 2.0: The evidence base for school investments. Sydney, NSW: Centre for Independent Studies. Retrieved from https://www.cis.org.au/app/uploads/2017/10/rr31-e.pdf
Kerr, M. M., & Brown, E. L. (2016). Preventing school failure for teachers, revisited: Special educators explore their emotional labor. Preventing School Failure: Alternative Education for Children and Youth, 60(2), 143-151.
Krtkova, R., Krtek, A., Pesoutova, M., Meier, Z., Tavel, P., & Trnka, R. (2023). School functioning and experience of the school environment by students with ADHD. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 38(5), 614- 628. https://doi.org/10.1080/08856257.2022.2145687
Ksinan, A. J., Vazsonyi, A. T., Jiskrova, G. K., & Peugh, J. L. (2019). National ethnic and racial disparities in disciplinary practices: A contextual analysis in American secondary schools. Journal of School Psychology, 74(1), 106– 125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2019.05.003
Kulkarni, T., Sullivan, A. L., & Kim, J. (2021). Externalizing behavior problems and low academic achievement: Does a causal relation exist? Educational Psychology Review, 33(3), 915–936. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-020-09582-6
Ladd, H. F., & Sorensen, L. C. (2017). Returns to teacher experience: Student achievement and motivation in middle school. Education Finance & Policy, 12(2), 241e279. https://doi.org/10.1162/EDFP_a_00194
McIntosh, E. A., Troxel, W. G., Grey, D., Van Den Wijngaard, O., Thomas, L., eds. (2021). Academic advising and tutoring for student success in higher education: International perspectives. Lausanne: Frontiers Media SA. https://doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88966-496-2
Mockler, N. (2018). Early career teachers in Australia: A critical policy historiography. Journal of Education Policy, 33(2), 262e278. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2017.1332785
Naser, S., Brown, J., & Verlenden, J. (2018). The utility of universal screening to guide school‐based prevention initiatives: Comparison of office discipline referrals to standardized emotional and behavioral risk screening. Contemporary School Psychology, 22(4), 424–434. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40688-018-0173-2
OECD. (2020). TALIS 2018 Results (Volume II): Teachers and school leaders as valued professionals. Paris: OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/19cf08df-en
Olivier, E., Morin, A.J.S., Langlois, J., Tardif-Grenier, K., & Archambault, I. (2020). Internalizing and externalizing behavior problems and student engagement in elementary and secondary school students. Journal of Youth Adolescence, 49(11), 2327–2346. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-020-01295-x
Opoku, M.P., Alsheikh, N., Miezah, D., Shah, H., Elhoweris H. & Moustafa, A. (2024). Competence of teachers towards managing trauma among children with disabilities in Ghana. African Journal of Disability 13(0), a1282. https://doi.org/10.4102/ajod.v13i0.1282
Pickren, S. E., Torelli, J. N., Miller, A. H., & Jason C. Chow, J. C. (2024). The relation between reading and externalizing behavior: A correlational meta-analysis. Annals of Dyslexia, 74, 158–186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11881-024-00307-w
Piri, M. & Pourfarhadi, L. (2018). The Relationship between thinking and teaching styles with classroom management case study: Faculty members of Urmia University Higher Education Letter, 11(41), 1-23.
Podolsky, A., Kini, T., & Darling-Hammond, L. (2019). Does teaching experience increase teacher effectiveness? A review of US research. Journal of Professional Capital and Community, 4(4), 286e308. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPCC-12-2018-0032
Prather-Jones, B. (2011). “Some people aren’t cut out for it”: the role of personality factors in the careers of teachers of students with EBD. Remedial and Special Education, 323, 179–191. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741932510362195
Reinke, W. M., Stormont, M., Herman, K. C., Puri, R., & Goel, N. (2011). Supporting children’s mental health in schools: Teacher perceptions of needs, roles, and barriers. School Psychology Quarterly, 26(1), 1– 13. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022714
Rezaei, A. R. (2018). Effective group work strategies: Faculty and students’ perspectives. Journal of Education and Learning, 7(5), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.5539/jel.v7n5p1
Roberts, G. J., Cho, E., Garwood, J. D., Goble, G. H., Robertson, T., & Hodges, A. (2020). Reading interventions for students with reading and behavioral difficulties: A meta-analysis and evaluation of co-occurring difficulties. Educational Psychology Review, 32, 17–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-019-09485-1
Salarvand, S., Mousavi, M.S., & Rahimi, M. (2023). Communication and cooperation challenges in the online classroom in the COVID-19 era: A qualitative study. BMC Medical Education, 23(201), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-023-04189-9
Sarkunan, J., Thilagaratnam, J., & Hamidah Yamat, H. (2021). Teachers’ perception of students’ misbehavior and assertive discipline in English classroom. International Journal of English Language Studies, 3(3), 7-15. https://al-kindipublisher.com/index.php/ijels
Scott, T. M. (2017). Teaching behavior: Managing classrooms through effective instruction. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin.
Shillingford, S. & Karlin, N. (2014). Preservice teachers’ self-efficacy and knowledge of emotional and behavioral disorders. Emotional Behavioral Difficulties, 19(2), 176–194. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632752.2013.840958
Smith, T.E., Thompson, A.M., & Maynard, B.R. (2022). Self‐management interventions for reducing challenging behaviors among school‐age students: A systematic review. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 18(1), e1223. https://doi.org/10.1002/c12.1223
Soydan, S.B., Pirpir, D.A., Samur, A.O., & Angin, D.E. (2018). Pre-school teachers’ classroom management competency and the factors affecting their understanding of discipline. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 73, 149- 172. https://doi.org/10.14689/ejer.2018.73.9
Stark, K., Bettini, E., & Chi, O. (2022). Momentary affective experiences of teachers serving students with emotional and behavioral disabilities in self-contained settings. Remedial and Special Education, 00(0), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/074193252211356
Stark, K., & Koslouski, J. (2021). The emotional job demands of special education: A qualitative study of alternatively certified novices’ emotional induction. Teacher Education and Special Education, 44(1), 60–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/0888406420931497
Sullivan, A., Johnson, B., & Simons, M. (Eds.). (2019). Attracting and keeping the best teachers: issues and opportunities. Singapore: Springer.
Sun, R.C. (2015). Teachers’ experiences of effective strategies for managing classroom misbehavior in Hong Kong. Teaching and Teacher Education 46(1), 94–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2014.11.005
Taber, K. S. (2018). The use of Cronbach’s alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education. Research in Science Education, 48(6), 1273-1296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2
UNESCO (1994). The Salamanca Statement and Framework for Action on Special Needs Education. Paris: UNESCO.
van Dijk, W., Schatschneider, C., Otaiba, A., S., & Hart, S. A. (2023). Student behavior ratings and response to Tier 1 reading intervention: Which students do not benefit? Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness, 17(3), 1– 22. https://doi.org/10.1080/19345747.2023.2194894
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press
Voss, T., Wagner, W., Klusmann, U., Trautwein, U., & Mareike Kunter, M. (2017). Changes in beginning teachers’ classroom management knowledge and emotional exhaustion during the induction phase. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 51, 170-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2017.08.002
Wang, M.T., Degol, J.L., Amemiya, J., Parr, A., & Guo, J. (2020). Classroom climate and children’s academic and psychological wellbeing: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Developmental Review, 57, 100912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2020.100912
Ward, R.J., Bristow, S.J., Kovshoff, H., Cortese, S., & Kreppner, J. (2022). The effects of ADHD teacher training programs on teachers and pupils: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Attention Disorders, 26, 225-244. https://doi.org/10.1177/108705472097280112
Wills, H. P., Caldarella, P., Mason, B. A., Lappin, A., & Anderson, D. H. (2019). Improving student behavior in middle schools: Results of a classroom management intervention. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 21(4), 213–227. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098300719857185
Wills, H. P., Iwaszuk, W. M., Kamps, D., & Shumate, E. (2014). CW-FIT: Group contingency effects across the day. Education & Treatment of Children, 37(2), 191–210. https://doi.org/10.1353/etc.2014.0016
Willoughby, M. T., Murray, D., Kuhn, L.J., Cavanaugh, A.M., & LaForett, D. R. (2022). Incorporating callous-unemotional behaviors into school-based research. School Psychology, 37(1), 26- 36. https://doi.org/10.1037/sq0000478
Wingenbach, G., Koswatta, T.J., Engels, J., Freeny, J., & Haddad, S. (2023). Outcomes of professional development activities for selected Texas school personnel helping students cope with behavioral and mental health issues. Scientific Reports, 13(10346), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-37298-4
Zyngier, D. (2014). Class size does make a difference: latest research shows smaller classes have lasting effect. Australian Association for Research in Education. http://www.aare.edu.au/blog/?p=345
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2025 Judith Biirah, PhD, Julie Kasamba, PhD, Nakasiita Kirabo Nkambwe, PhD, Robert John Akwang, Dennis Zami Atibuni, PhD

هذا العمل مرخص حسب الرخصة Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.