Mtoto Wetu Growth and Temperature Monitoring System for Tanzania Child Healthcare Clinics
Abstract
In most government maternal and child health (MCH) clinics in sub-Saharan countries caregivers rely on manual methods for data acquisition, storage, and analysis, leading to challenges such as errors, inefficiencies, and limited accessibility. Recognising the transformative potential of digital technology, this design aims to innovate the child growth monitoring paradigm by introducing a comprehensive Digitized Child Growth Monitoring System. The "Mtoto Wetu Growth and Temperature Monitoring System" is a comprehensive framework designed to monitor and assess the growth and temperature patterns of infants and young children on a monthly basis. This system integrates various components, including anthropometric measurements, temperature monitoring, immunisation schedule, automated growth chart generation, and parental, caregiver, and health care professionals’ involvement, to provide a holistic approach to child health monitoring. Implemented with standardised protocols, training sessions, and robust data management systems, the monitoring system aims to facilitate early detection of growth abnormalities, and health concerns. By promoting early intervention, preventive care measures, parental empowerment, and continuity of care, the Mtoto Wetu system strives to optimise health outcomes, foster parental engagement, and promote health equity among children. The system was able to provide results with a small amount of error compared to the standard weighing machines, tap measure and digital thermometer
Downloads
References
Foote, J. M., Brady, L. H., Burke, A. L., Cook, J. S., Dutcher, M. E., Gradoville, K. M., & Walker, B. S. (2009). Evidence-based clinical practice guideline on linear growth measurement of children. Blank Children’s Hospital, 29.
Davies, S. P., BSC, J. Y. K., Thrush, A. J., & BA, P. H. S. S. (1986). A comparison of mercury and digital clinical thermometers. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 11(5), 535–543. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.1986.tb01285.x
Radgohar, H., Vahdat-Nejad, H. & Mohammadzadeh Rezaie, S. (2020) Infant’s growth and nutrition monitoring system. SN Appl. Sci. 2, 1477 https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-03264-2
Utomo, B., Gumiwang, H. Soetjiatie, L., Triwiyanto, T & Oswarida, D. S. (2020). Design of baby growth monitor system in the Posyandu for nutrition status analysis. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/850/1/012025
Yap F, Lee YS, & Aw MMH. (2018). Growth Assessment and Monitoring during Childhood. Ann Acad Med Singap. 47(4):149-155. PMID: 29777245.
Prabhakar K, Kowsalya S, Kalaivani K, & Ramachandran P. (2020). Growth Monitoring in Under-Three Children Using the Mother Child Protection Card. Indian J Nutr Diet. 57(4):368–86. DOI: 10.21048/ijnd.2020.57.4.25983
Joseph, A. A., Xuan, T. H. L., Kipli, K., Chin, K. L., & Song, N. S. (2018). Smart Body Temperature Monitoring system for Children via Mobile. International Conference on Computational Approach in Smart Systems Design and Applications (ICASSDA). doi:10.1109/icassda.2018.8477613
Fakhri, A. B., Gharghan, S. K., & Zubaidi, S. L. (2020). Accurate Infants Remote Temperature Monitoring System based on Contactless Temperature Sensor and GSM Network. 2020 13th International Conference on International Conference on Developments in eSystems Engineering (DeSE). doi:10.1109/dese51703.2020.9450733
Requejo, J., Strong, K., Agweyu, A., Billah, M. Sk., Boschi-Pinto, C., Horiuchi, S., Jamaluddine, Z., Lazzerini, M., Maiga, A., McKerrow, N., Munos, M., Park, L., Schellenberg, J., & Weigel, R. (2022). Measuring and monitoring child health and wellbeing: recommendations for tracking progress with a core set of indicators in the Sustainable Development Goals era. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 6: 345–52
Sentongo, T. A (2019). New Approach to Comprehensive Growth and Nutrition Assessment in Children. Pediatric Annals. № 1. https://doi.org/10.3928/19382359-20191017-01
Madden, A.M., & Smith, S. (2016). Body composition and morphological assessment of nutritional status in adults: a review of anthropometric variables. J Hum Nutr Diet. 29(1):7-25. doi: 10.1111/jhn.12278.
Scheffler, C., Greil, H., & Hermanussen, M. (2017). The association between weight, height, and head circumference reconsidered. Pediatric Research, 81(5), 825–830. doi:10.1038/pr.2017.3
Eze, J., Oguonu, T., Ojinnaka, N., & Ibe, B. (2017). Physical growth and nutritional status assessment of school children in Enugu, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice, 20(1), 64. doi:10.4103/1119-3077.180067
Raj, D., &Lodha, R. (2013). Intricacies of Body Temperature Measurement. The Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 80(3), 249–251. doi:10.1007/s12098-013-0988-9
Garcia-Souto, M. D. P., & Dabnichki, P. (2018). Non-invasive and wearable early fever detection system for young children. Measurement, 116, 216–229. doi: 10.1016/j.measurement.2017.08.025
Geddes, L. (2020). The fever paradox. New Sci. 246(3277): 39–41. doi: 10.1016/S0262-4079(20)30731-4
Gladstone, Salim, N., Ogillo, K., Shamba, D., Gore-Langton, G. R., Day, L. T., Blencowe, H., & Lawn, J. E. (2021). Birthweight measurement processes and perceived value: qualitative research in one EN-BIRTH study hospital in Tanzania. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 21(S1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-020-03356-2
Wedha, B. Y., Wedha, A. B. P. B., & Haryono, H. (2022). Design and Build Mini Digital Scale using Internet of Things. Jurnal dan Penelitian Teknik Informatika. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33395/sinkron.v7i2.11345.
Semali I. A., Kessy A. T., Mmbaga E. J., & Leyna G. (2015). Prevalence and determinants of stunting in under-five children in central Tanzania: remaining threats to achieving Millennium Development Goal4. BMC Public Health. 15:1153 DOI 10.1186/s12889-015-2507-6.
Sarfo et al. (2023). Malaria amongst children under five in sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review of prevalence, risk factors and preventive interventions. European Journal of Medical Research. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-023-01046-1
Kabaghe, A. N., Chipeta, M. G., Gowelo, S., Mburu, M., Truwah, Z., McCann, R. S., … Phiri, K. S. (2018). Fine-scale spatial and temporal variation of clinical malaria incidence and associated factors in children in rural Malawi: a longitudinal study. Parasites & Vectors. 11(1). doi:10.1186/s13071-018-2730-y
Siswati, T., Nurhidayat, Tjaronosari, Widyawati, H. E., & Rialihanto, M. P. (2022). The design of growth and development children's monitoring application: a user-centered approach. Int J Community Med Public Health. Dec;9(12):4399-4404: DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20223198
Fletcher, R., Diaz, X. S., Bajaj, H., & Ghosh-Jerath S. (2017). Development of smart phone-based child health screening tools for community health workers. IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference. https://doi.org/10.1109/GHTC.2017.8239337
Ramkumar A., Mohit Kangotra, Meeth Mehta & Sathish Kumar S V. (2021). Developing a Smartphone App for Arecanut Farmers and Integrating it with an IoT Enabled Smart Weighing Scale. International Conference on Advancements in Electrical, Electronics, Communication, Computing and Automation (ICAECA) | 978-1-6654-2829-3/21
Nanak, M. Z., Koesmarijanto, & Qibthiyah, M., El. (2022). Design of Monitoring System of Height, Weight and Body Mass Index Using Android-Based Nodemcu ESP8266. Jurnal Jaringan Telekomunikasi. E-ISSN: 2654-6531 P- ISSN: 2407-0807 Vol. 12, No.1
Vaidya, A. S., Radhika, T. S. L., Srinivas, M. B., & Rao, S K. (2014). CGMS – An Automated Solution to Monitor Child’s Growth, Health Innovations and Point-of-Care Technologies Conference Seattle, Washington USA, October 8-10.
Rahmalisa, U. & Yulisman. Automatic Height and Weight Measurement Integrated Database System. Jurnal Teknologi Dan Open Source. 2021 DOI: 10.36378/jtos.v4i2.1792.
Ulyanida, S., Supriyanto, A., Suciyati, S. W., & Junaidi (2022). Automatization of Weight and Height Measurement Using Ultrasonic Sensors HC-SR04 and Load Cell Based on Arduino UNO at Integrated Services Posts (Posyandu). Journal of Energy, Material, and Instrumentation Technology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23960/jemit.v3i4.103
A Guide to Implementing Nutrition and Food Security Surveys. (2018) chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://nutriverse.io/nutrisurvey/nutrisurvey.pdf (accessed on 12 January 2023).
Copyright (c) 2024 Georgia Rugumira, PhD

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.