East African Journal of Information Technology

Gender Digital Divide and Education: A Reflection from the University of Nairobi, Kenya

Juliet Njeri Muasya, PhD — Mon, 27 Jan 2025 09:29:38 +0200

The use of digital technology safely and effectively is increasingly becoming important. Moreover, since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, digital technological skills have continued to transform the educational landscape, bringing a wide range of benefits to both students and teachers. This requires both men and women students and teachers to know how to use digital devices and connectivity tools for high-quality and future-focused teaching and learning processes. The objective of the study was to find out the extent to which gender digital divide exists in the Faculty of Education, University of Nairobi. Findings and information presented and discussed in this paper were obtained from a critical review of relevant literature based on gender and digital technology in education. In addition, using documentary analysis guide statistical data based on the number of women and men in selected Information, Communication and Technology courses was derived from the University of Nairobi’s E-Graduation booklets covering three consecutive academic years; 2020, 2021 and 2022. Descriptive data was computed using frequencies and percentages. Findings reveal that gender digital divide gap is clearly visible, for instance, there were only 6 and 8 men and no women graduates in Masters of Science in Computer Science and Masters in Education Technology respectively. Such gender disparity is likely to impact the number of women pursuing Information Communication and Technology-related careers. There is evidence to show that to some extent, the gender digital divide is a result of gendered-related social norms and stereotypes to poor advocacy of digital technological careers. Thus, there is a need to encourage both men and women students to study Information Communication and Technological courses with the aim of ensuring inclusivity and equitable education for everyone, while developing lifelong learning opportunities as stipulated in Sustainable Development Goals 2030

Analysis of Urban Green Spaces Using Support Vector Machine in Urban West Region of Zanzibar

Asha Hamad, Yahya Hamad Sheikh, PhD, Abubakar Diwani Bakari, PhD — Tue, 04 Mar 2025 17:41:41 +0200

Integrating remote sensing techniques with Machine learning-based methods is crucial for analyzing land spatial structures. This study employs the Support Vector Machine to analyze Urban Green Space in the Urban West Region of Zanzibar. The analysis focused on evaluating Support Vector Machine performance in remote sensing imagery classification, assessing green landscape connectivity, and examining geospatial green change trends over 10 10-year periods. The findings revealed that the accuracies of the Support Vector Machine classification exceeded 0.9, making it suitable for further analysis. Thematic maps generated from the study visualize low green connectivity with poor spatial patterns of green patches in the west of the Urban West Region, primarily due to the higher density of buildup areas. The analysis also indicates the absence of green corridors to enhance connectivity between the patches. Additionally, approximately 0.019% of green area coverage was lost between 2009 and 2018, attributed to shoreline damage along the coastal zone of the eastern side of the Urban West Region. The transition of green spaces, such as trees, shrubs, and grass, into low-density buildup areas and, subsequently, into high-density buildup areas was significant. This transformation poses potential challenges, including increased air pollution and mental health concerns. To address the green challenge issues, the Urban Municipalities of Zanzibar must implement robust strategic plans to preserve and enhance Urban Green Space; such initiatives are essential for promoting sustainable urban development in Zanzibar and mitigating the adverse effects of urbanization on green spaces and overall environmental quality.

Enhancing Energy Efficiency in Cloud Data Centers: The Role of Virtualization in Sustainable Computing

Male Henry Kenneth, Kahangi Martin — Mon, 07 Apr 2025 10:17:32 +0200

The increasing demand for cloud computing services has led to the exponential growth of data centres, which consume substantial amounts of energy and contribute to environmental concerns. This project investigates the potential of virtualization technology to enhance the energy efficiency of cloud data centres. By abstracting physical resources and creating virtual machines, virtualization allows for the dynamic allocation and consolidation of workloads, leading to optimized resource utilization and reduced energy consumption. This research explores various virtualization techniques, their implementation in cloud environments, and their impact on energy efficiency. Through a series of simulations and real-world case studies, the project aims to quantify the energy savings achieved and identify best practices for deploying virtualization to create more sustainable cloud data centres. The findings suggest that adopting virtualization not only lowers operational costs but also aligns with global efforts to reduce carbon footprints, making it a crucial strategy for the future of cloud computing infrastructure

Network Transformation and Productivity of Public Sector Institutions in Kenya

William Too, Morrisson Mutuku — Mon, 07 Apr 2025 10:17:46 +0200

Public institutions in Kenya undeniably create a conducive environment for economic development. However, public sector productivity in Kenya remains a concern, hindering socio-economic transformation, global competitiveness, and job creation. There has been a long-term decline in overall productivity from 0.45 in 2009 to 0.40 in 2022 with both labour productivity and total factor productivity falling over several decades. Further, the productivity of government MDAs ranges from 45% - 65% which implies the existence of wastages in the majority of the Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) assessed. It is against this backdrop that this study assesses the effect of network transformation on the national productivity of public sector institutions. The study population included 432 state departments and agencies that have mainstreamed national productivity as provided by the National Productivity and Competitiveness Centre (NPCC). The unit of analysis of the study was 432 MDAs that had mainstreamed national productivity while the unit of observations was Heads of departments of performance monitoring units in the MDAs. The formula adopted yielded a sample of 204 respondents from the target population. The study established that network transformation also had a significant positive impact on productivity. The findings showed that network transformation was significant, highlighting its role in improving communication, connectivity, and accessibility across public institutions. Enhanced network infrastructure facilitates seamless collaboration and improves response times in service delivery. The adoption of advanced network solutions, such as new architectures, network scalability and network security, was found to be essential for enabling digital transformation hence improving the productivity of public institutions. These solutions create scalable and efficient systems that support productivity

Electronic Fiscal Device (EFD) Utilization among Entrepreneurs in Tanzania: Assessing Knowledge, Attitudes, and Challenges

Elizabeth Joseph Nunday — Thu, 10 Apr 2025 15:53:31 +0200

The adoption of Electronic Fiscal Devices (EFDs) has been a critical policy initiative to enhance tax compliance and revenue collection efficiency. However, the effective utilization of EFDs among entrepreneurs in Mkuranga District, Tanzania, remains a challenge. This study examines the role of knowledge, attitudes, and operational challenges in influencing EFD adoption. Using a descriptive survey research design, data were collected from 136 entrepreneurs through structured questionnaires and analyzed using multiple regression analysis. The findings reveal that attitude significantly influences EFD usage (B = 0.360, p = 0.045), whereas knowledge has a weaker, non-significant effect (B = 0.130, p = 0.134). Major barriers to compliance include power outages (M = 4.15, SD = 0.834), network instability (M = 4.04, SD = 0.851), and high maintenance costs (M = 4.03, SD = 0.825). The regression model (R² = 0.440, F = 52.188, p = 0.000) indicates that knowledge and attitude together explain 44% of the variation in EFD usage. These findings underscore the importance of targeted training, improved system reliability, and financial incentives to enhance entrepreneurs' engagement with EFDs. The study recommends strengthening education programs, addressing technical challenges, and fostering trust in tax administration to optimize EFD compliance and tax efficiency.

Determinants of AI Utilization among Tanzania Higher Learning Students: Examining Trends, Predictors, and Academic Applications

Godwin Stephano Mollel — Thu, 10 Apr 2025 15:53:50 +0200

This study examines the extent, frequency, and determinants of AI tool utilization among undergraduate students at the Tanzania Institute of Accountancy (TIA), Mbeya Campus. Employing a cross-sectional survey design, data were collected from 238 third-year students across four academic programs using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were conducted to assess AI adoption trends and key influencing factors, including chi-square tests, ANOVA, and logistic regression. Findings reveal that ChatGPT (85.7%) is the most widely used AI tool, followed by QuillBot (41.1%) and Grammarly (11.8%), while citation generators have the lowest adoption (2.9%). AI is primarily used for writing assignments (47.5%) and idea generation (38.2%), with limited proofreading, research, and citation application. The study identifies familiarity, accessibility, academic engagement, and peer influence as significant predictors of AI adoption, while formal AI training shows no significant impact. Additionally, AI usage varies significantly across academic programs, highlighting the need for tailored institutional policies. The study concludes that while AI enhances academic productivity, the absence of regulatory frameworks poses challenges related to academic integrity and responsible AI usage. It recommends the development of AI literacy programs, faculty training, and ethical guidelines to ensure AI is integrated effectively into higher education while maintaining academic integrity

Exploring Security and Privacy Implications of IoT Devices in Zambia’s Healthcare System

Fri, 18 Apr 2025 19:54:43 +0200

The integration of Internet of Things (IoT) devices in Zambia’s healthcare system presents transformative opportunities for improving patient care, operational efficiency, and data management. However, the rapid adoption of IoT also introduces significant security and privacy risks, including vulnerabilities in device authentication, data breaches, and regulatory compliance challenges. This study systematically reviews existing literature on IoT security and privacy in healthcare, with a particular focus on Zambia’s digital health landscape. It identifies key threats, including weak encryption mechanisms, unauthorized data access, and insufficient regulatory enforcement. The study further highlights best practices and emerging technologies, such as blockchain and artificial intelligence (AI) that can enhance IoT security. By examining Zambia’s current regulatory framework in comparison to international standards, the study provides practical recommendations for strengthening cybersecurity policies, improving digital literacy, and fostering collaboration between stakeholders. Addressing these challenges is crucial for ensuring the secure and sustainable implementation of IoT in Zambia’s healthcare system.

Empowering Nigeria's e-Society: A Comprehensive Exploration of Cutting-Edge Digital Services

Emmanuel Ukpe — Tue, 13 May 2025 18:27:14 +0200

Amidst a transformative landscape marked by increased internet penetration, mobile ownership, and digital literacy, Nigeria faces disparities in access and affordability that must be urgently addressed. This study explores Nigeria's digital evolution trajectory, examining the rapid advancements, challenges, and opportunities in building an empowered e-society. The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated remote interactions, evidencing the adaptability of online work, banking, governance, and education services. Emerging technologies like artificial intelligence, cloud computing, and blockchain also carry immense potential to reshape these realms if underpinned by people-centric design. While growing mobile ownership and dynamic startup ecosystems indicate strong foundations, gaps remain in inequitable access, unaffordable data costs, low rural connectivity, and varying digital capacities across income and gender groups. The study’s roadmap analysis suggests that realising ambitious e-governance targets requires extensive public-private collaboration from the needs assessment stage, leveraging Nigerian innovation capabilities. The study concludes that vision statements on Nigerian e-society must translate into implementation plans with phase-wise targets, funding allocations, and citizen-centric metrics for successive upgrades. Sustained political commitment, institutional partnerships, and emphasis on leaving no one behind are crucial to fulfilling digitisation goals and citizen expectations in the coming decade

Examining Information Security Knowledge, Attitude, and Behaviour among Mobile Banking Users in Zanzibar

Zedi Abdalla Khamis — Fri, 16 May 2025 16:24:26 +0200

Mobile banking is becoming increasingly popular in Zanzibar. This study examines the information security knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours of mobile banking users in the region. A descriptive approach was employed with a quantitative research design. Data were collected from a sample of 95 mobile banking users in Zanzibar, as calculated using the Yamane formula based on the total population. The data collected through questionnaires was analysed using SPSS version 26. The analysis revealed that users have a moderate level of awareness concerning various cybersecurity risks associated with mobile banking. They recognised the importance of using strong passwords and understood that clicking on unknown links or attachments in emails could compromise their security. However, awareness was lower regarding the privacy risks of sharing personal information on social media. Additionally, the findings indicated that a moderate proportion of respondents acknowledged the risks associated with using public Wi-Fi for banking transactions. The study also found that participants had a moderate level of confidence in the effectiveness of two-factor authentication (2FA) for securing mobile banking. Moreover, most respondents moderately checked if a website was secure (e.g., HTTPS) before entering personal information. Based on these findings, the study recommends developing comprehensive information security awareness programs, utilising registered or recommended hardware and software to enhance security, maximising data protection against malware, improving the interactivity of mobile banking applications while addressing security concerns, and emphasising the usefulness and security features of mobile banking services in marketing efforts

Assessing the Information Needs and Sources for Sustainable Livelihoods in the Fisher Communities of Lake Victoria, Uganda

Alice Endra, Sarah Kaddu, PhD, Joyce Bukirwa, PhD, Bassa Samuel, PhD — Mon, 19 May 2025 08:47:46 +0200

Lake Victoria, the world's second-largest freshwater lake, sustains millions of fisher communities who rely on it for their livelihoods. Every day, individuals seek information to meet various needs and demands within their communities. Information serves as a critical resource for numerous activities, including improving livelihoods and gaining essential knowledge. Fishing communities, in particular, have unique information needs related to their fishing activities and accessing different government programs and services. Information is a vital component of decision-making processes within these communities. This paper assesses and establishes the information needs of the fisher communities of Lake Victoria by identifying the different information sources consulted to satisfy these needs and are essential for fostering sustainable livelihoods. The objectives of the Study were to: identify the information needs of fisher communities of Lake Victoria; ascertain the information-seeking behavior of fisher communities of Lake Victoria; identify the major problems facing fishermen in meeting their information needs and to offer useful suggestions in enhancing the information strategies of fisher folks toward their improved and sustained impact on the state economy. Mixed-methods approach, including surveys, interviews, and focus group discussions, was used for data collection. This study aimed to identify the primary information gaps and the most trusted information sources within the fisher communities of Lake Victoria. Key findings revealed the information needs of the fishers as weather patterns, fish stock levels, market prices, sustainable fishing practices, financial support, the quality of fish, legal regulations, health and safety, security, and effective communication. It also highlights challenges faced by fishing communities in accessing digital information, high costs, inconsistent connectivity, language obstacles, and opposition to technological progress are some of the factors that contributed to this. The study revealed that fishing communities around Lake Victoria have diverse information needs, which they address through various digital technologies, including radios, telephones, televisions, and village radios. These technologies help them access information for their daily operations. The study also highlights the role of traditional knowledge, mobile technology, and local institutions in disseminating information. Understanding and addressing these information needs can empower fisher communities to make informed decisions, improve their economic prospects, and enhance their capacity to advocate for their rights. The paper concludes with recommendations for policymakers and stakeholders to develop tailored interventions that support sustainable livelihoods and promote the long-term health of Lake Victoria's ecosystem.

Evaluation of Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning Model with Fault-tolerance Attention Mechanism for Traffic Light Control System

Wed, 21 May 2025 17:10:14 +0200

Managing urban traffic at intersections is a complex challenge. Traditional traffic signal systems struggle to adapt to real-time congestion and variable vehicle flow, particularly at roads with high traffic volume. These systems also lack coordination between neighbouring intersections, leading to inefficient vehicle movement, delays for emergency vehicles, and unsafe pedestrian crossings. This paper proposes a solution using Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) to model a traffic network as a multi-agent system. Specifically, it employs Fault-Tolerant Attention Multi-Agent Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (FT Attn. MADDPG), where decisions are based on average queue lengths. The Fault-tolerance Attention mechanism allows agents to minimize the impact of malfunctioning agents, improving overall performance. The approach also supports various intersection types through a parametric action space. Simulation results show that FT Attn. MADDPG significantly reduces travel time by 16.21% under high, 26.97% under medium, and 6.89% under low traffic demand compared to standard MADDPG.

A Smart IoT-Based Real-Time System for Monitoring Storage Conditions of Maize Grains

Everleen Nekesa Wanyonyi — Wed, 28 May 2025 13:45:01 +0200

Maize is a cereal with many uses across the world. In developing countries, it is valued for its dried cereal, which has been used as a stable source of food. This cereal may be boiled and eaten as it is or may be dried and ground and made into porridge or Ugali, a popular carbohydrate source. The storage of maize grains is critical to ensuring food security and preventing post-harvest losses due to spoilage, pest infestation, and unfavourable environmental conditions. Traditional storage monitoring methods entailed using support staff to visit storage areas and measure conditions using manual methods which are inefficient and labour-intensive, leading to delays in the detection of adverse storage conditions and spoilages. In this paper, an Internet of Things (IoT)-based real-time storage conditions monitoring system that leverages Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) technology to enhance communication efficiency and data transmission over long distances with low power consumption is presented. The system consists of smart sensors deployed in maize storage facilities to collect environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, and carbon dioxide (CO2) levels which are critical for maize storage. The collected data is transmitted via LoRaWAN to a cloud-based platform for real-time visualization, analysis and proactive detection of changing situations using Machine Learning (ML) techniques. This approach provides an efficient, scalable, and cost-effective solution for improving maize storage, especially in resource-constrained environments since it limits manual human intervention. In addition, the technology prevents losses due to fungal infections, resulting in adequate high-quality maize supply to curb hunger and improve livelihoods which is the second United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals of alleviating hunger and achieving food security

Tackling Online Pornography to Implement Uganda’s Education Digital Agenda Strategy

Allan Paul Mbabazi Nshimye — Mon, 02 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0200

The Ugandan government developed the Education Digital Agenda Strategy (EDAS) 2021 – 2025 to improve Uganda’s education service delivery through sustainable digital transformation. The EDAS was officially launched on 22nd August 2024, but on 09th September 2024 the Ministry of Education and Sports (MoES) issued a press statement halting its implementation over concerns that it may expose learners to unacceptable content such as online pornography while using digital devices such as phones, tabs, laptops etc when using the internet. This qualitative desk research study sought to examine the laws on pornography in Uganda, assess the potential risks of pornography exposure to children in school, and suggest ways of protecting students from online pornography, to enable them to safely use digital devices envisaged in the Uganda Education Digital Agenda Strategy, so that the strategy can be implemented by the Uganda government. In this research it was found out that students are at risk of voluntary or involuntary exposure to unwanted content such as pornography, which may lead to dangers of addiction, introduction to risky sexual behaviour and decline in education performance. In the conclusion section of this paper, it was recommended that Ugandan laws ought to be amended by providing for a definition of pornography. Secondly, a creation of child friendly sim cards client category of internet users will support protection measures focused on children. Thirdly, content filtering should be promoted to block websites with unwanted content and lastly, educating students on the dangers of pornography, and empower them with ways to detect, avoid and report pornography is key. Once these measures are put in place, it will be safe to implement the Education Digital Agenda Strategy 2021 – 2025 to enable the students benefit from the integration of ICT in Education, without fear of the threat of online pornography.

Electronic Learning Systems’ effectiveness in teaching and learning in public universities of Uganda: A case of Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST)

Florence Kengoma, Julian Bbuye, PhD, Innocent Baguma, PhD — Fri, 06 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0200

This study examined the effectiveness of e-learning systems in enhancing teaching and learning at public universities in Uganda, with a focus on Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST). A cross-sectional survey design was used, combining quantitative and qualitative approaches. Data was collected from 237 respondents through questionnaires, interviews, and document reviews. Quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS version 24, while qualitative data underwent thematic analysis. The study assessed how system quality, information quality, and service quality impact teaching and learning. Key challenges identified included low student engagement, inactive distance learning groups, poor internet connectivity, inadequate infrastructure, and courses not optimized for online delivery. Results revealed that e-learning significantly contributes to teaching and learning effectiveness, with system quality accounting for 12.1%, information quality 25.1%, and service quality 54.5% of the impact. High system quality marked by usability and user-friendly interfaces enhances instructional delivery and learning outcomes. Information quality supports curriculum continuity and access to dependable resources. Service quality emerged as the most influential factor, reinforcing the need for efficient technical support and learner assistance. The study recommended upgrading technical infrastructure, forming an Information Quality Task Force, improving system compatibility, strengthening support services, promoting staff training, and formulating a policy to ensure sustainable, high-quality online education at MUST.

Leveraging Artificial Intelligence for Land Use/Land Cover Change Detection to Improve Monitoring of the National Land Use Development Master Plan (NLUDMP) in the City of Kigali (CoK), Rwanda

Yvonne Akimana, Ntwali Didier, PhD — Wed, 11 Jun 2025 19:20:21 +0200

This research introduces a novel AI-driven framework, the Convolution Sequential Segmentation Network (ConvSegNet), which integrates Convolutional Long Short-Term Memory (ConvLSTM) networks for sequential multi-scale feature extraction from multispectral airborne and satellite imagery. ConvSegNet enhances high-resolution Land Use and Land Cover Change Detection (LULCCD), particularly for monitoring urban expansion and agricultural encroachment in Kigali, Rwanda. Using multi-temporal satellite imagery from 2009, 2020, and 2024, this study offers a detailed analysis of spatial and temporal LULC dynamics, capturing subtle changes that conventional methods often miss. ConvSegNet’s integration of spatial and temporal dependencies improves the detection of land cover transformations, such as urban sprawl and agricultural encroachment into forested areas. A key innovation is its ability to distinguish previously undifferentiated land cover classes, such as built-up areas and road networks, which traditional models have struggled to classify. The model demonstrated high accuracy, achieving 92% for urban areas, 85% for agricultural land, and 75% for forested regions. The results show significant LULC changes: agricultural land decreased from 70.68% (1,419.52 km²) in 2009 to 60.92% (1,213.49 km²) in 2024, while built-up areas grew by 32.71%, means from 0.81% (16.09 km²) in 2009 to 3.46% (69.38 km²) in 2024. Forest cover declined by 202.23 km², from 16.42% (327.27 km²) in 2009 to 11.15% (222.92 km²) in 2024, indicating significant environmental degradation in the city of Kigali. Despite high classification accuracy, ConvSegNet showed limitations in detecting gradual land cover transitions, especially in forests affected by agricultural encroachment. This highlights the need for further model improvements, including higher temporal resolution data and additional spectral features. Overall, the study provides valuable insights for sustainable land management in Rwanda, supporting the National Land Use Development Master Plan (NLUDMP) with advanced AI tools for monitoring LULC changes, mitigating urban sprawl, and enhancing environmental conservation efforts.

Prediction of Forest Fire Danger by Using BiGRU Deep Learning Model and Comparable Data Scaling Methods: A Case of SAO Hill Forest Plantation, Tanzania

Isakwisa Gaddy Tende — Mon, 16 Jun 2025 09:43:05 +0200

Forest plantations are crucial in the daily lives of humans, playing an important role in producing raw materials for the wood industry, generating personal incomes, contributing to economies, attracting tourists, conserving biodiversity, and regulating the climate. Failure to accurately and timely predict forest fires can have devastating effects due to the destruction of forests by fire, resulting in loss of businesses and incomes, destruction of biodiversity, loss of tourist attractions, and shortage of wood raw materials. Fire Weather Index (FWI) is commonly used to indicate fire danger as it gives useful information on the impact of wind and fuel moisture on the behaviour and spread of fire. This study utilizes FWI by developing a Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit (BiGRU) Deep Learning model, which uses the previous 5 days FWI values as input to predict the output (next day FWI) at SAO Hill Forest Plantation located in Iringa region, Tanzania, using three commonly used data scaling methods: Min-Max, Standard, and Robust scalers. The 13-year SAO Hill Forest Plantation daily FWI dataset was pre-processed using a scaling (normalization) approach and split into training, validation and test sets before being used for training and testing the developed BiGRU Deep Learning model. The trained BiGRU Deep Learning model was then saved into .h5 format and integrated with a Gradio-based Web App to provide a user interface for officials at SAO Hill Forest Plantation to predict daily FWI. The evaluation findings reveal that the choice of data scaler has an impact on the daily FWI prediction performance of the developed BiGRU model, and Min-Max is the best performing and optimal data scaler with a Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) score of 0.065 on test data, followed by Standard scaler with a test RMSE score of 0.157, followed by Robust scaler with a test RMSE score of 0.311. Major contributions of this study include a pre-processed 13-year FWI dataset for SAO Hill Forest Plantation ready for Artificial Intelligence (AI) research and development, a novel BiGRU model for predicting daily FWI at SAO Hill Forest Plantation, and a Web App integrated with the developed BiGRU model and Min-Max data scaler to help officials at SAO Hill Forest Plantation predict daily fire danger and take precautionary measures to prevent forest fire ignition, respond to forest fire if it happens, and contain its spread

Exploring the Role of E-learning in Addressing Challenges Associated with Slow Content Coverage and Syllabus Completion among Graduate Students: A Design-Based Research

Loyce Kiiza Kobusingye, PhD — Fri, 20 Jun 2025 13:32:50 +0200

The study aimed to evaluate the role of e-learning in resolving challenges associated with slow content coverage and syllabus completion among graduate students. The study was conducted at one university in Uganda on Master of Education in Educational Psychology students as respondents and lecturers as practitioners, based on Activity Theory. Methodologically, the study was a design-based research (DBR). Findings revealed that e-learning through the use of WhatsApp and Google Docs reduced time spent and wasted during physical classes. In conclusion, although e-learning speeds up teaching and learning, it has challenges and limitations that are both institutional and technical in nature. Therefore, universities, to reap the benefits of e-learning, need to equip faculty with computers and offer basic training for staff in e-learning pedagogies

Artificial Intelligence and Cultural Tourism in Kenya: A Systematic Review of Development Opportunities and Challenges

Julius Benard Rajwais, Laban Kipkemoi Rotich, PhD, Isabella Cheloti Mapelu, PhD — Fri, 20 Jun 2025 13:33:15 +0200

This paper presents a systematic review of the intersection between artificial intelligence (AI) and cultural tourism in Kenya, with a particular focus on the Mount Kenya region. It examines the potential of AI to enhance sustainable cultural tourism through digital heritage preservation, targeted marketing, and enriched visitor experiences. The study employs a qualitative systematic review methodology, analyzing peer-reviewed journal articles, policy documents, case studies, and global best practices relevant to AI applications in cultural tourism. Thematic analysis was used to identify recurring patterns, opportunities, and challenges. The findings reveal that AI holds considerable promise in addressing infrastructure gaps, enhancing inclusivity, and increasing the global visibility of Kenya’s cultural heritage. Nonetheless, inadequate policy frameworks, inadequate financial investment, and widespread digital illiteracy are among the substantial challenges that have persisted. This study has made recommendations on the formulation of a vigorous policy context, investing in digital capacity building, and promoting public-private partnerships (PPTS) to realize an enabling environment for AI-integrated cultural tourism in Kenya

Access and Application of Digital Technologies in Information Dissemination within the Fishing Communities and Managers of Lake Victoria in Uganda

Alice Endra, Sarah Kaddu, PhD, Joyce Bukirwa, PhD, Samuel Bassa, PhD — Fri, 20 Jun 2025 17:09:36 +0200

This study examines the access and application of digital technologies in the dissemination of information among fishing communities and managers around Lake Victoria, Uganda. This study employed a mixed-methods approach, merging both qualitative and quantitative research methods. This approach was to allow for a comprehensive understanding of the digital technologies used in information dissemination among fisher communities. Data was collected using structured questionnaires, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and Interviews administered to a sample of fisher community members. The research highlights how mobile phones, internet services, and other digital tools are pivotal in enhancing communication, accessing market information, and conducting financial transactions. These technologies facilitate the timely distribution of critical information regarding fishing practices, market prices, weather forecasts, and regulatory updates. By exploring the various ways in which these communities and managers utilize digital technologies, the study reveals a significant improvements in decision-making processes and overall management efficiency. It also identifies the barriers to effective technology adoption and provides recommendations for overcoming these challenges. The findings underscore the potential of digital technologies to foster sustainable livelihoods and economic growth within the fishing sector, promoting a more resilient and informed community.

Validating Measures of Technological Acceptance Model in the Context of Lecturers at Kyambogo University

Shallon Atuhaire, Joshua Kimata Kato, Wilson Mugizi — Fri, 20 Jun 2025 17:21:04 +0200

The study validated the measures of the Technological Acceptance Model (TAM) in the context of lecturers at Kyambogo University. Based on Davis (1986), the TAM was studied in terms of perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and behavioural intention. In this correlational study that involved a sample of 195 lecturers at Kyambogo University, data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and structural equation modelling (SEM) using Smart PLS for partial least square structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) were used to determine the presence of the three constructs of the TAM, namely perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and behavioural intention. Descriptive results indicated that the above three constructs of the TAM were highly practised by lecturers at Kyambogo University. PLS-SEM showed that the indicators that were used to measure the above three constructs of TAM were appropriate measures. The study concluded that the indicators assessed in this article to measure the three constructs of TAM, namely, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and behavioural intention, are valid and reliable. It was recommended that researchers use the indicators assessed in this article to measure the three constructs of TAM

Exploring New Literacies: The Role of Weblogs in Developing Interpretive Skills in Literary Studies

Dartivah Kitiinisa, Harriet Mutambo Nabushawo, Harriet Najjemba — Mon, 23 Jun 2025 13:55:53 +0200

This study examines the role of weblogs in developing interpretive skills in literary studies among advanced-level students at Immaculate Heart Girls’ School in Uganda. Using a Design-Based Research approach, the study examined how weblogs foster critical thinking, collaborative writing, and analytical discussions. Using surveys, literary essays, and weblog content analysis, findings revealed that weblogs enhanced students' ability to interpret complex literary texts through interactive discussions and reflective writing. Students demonstrated improved textual comprehension, deeper engagement, and greater confidence in expressing their literary interpretations. The study highlights weblogs as powerful tools for creating learner-centred environments that encourage active participation and critical inquiry. Since this approach has the potential to transform traditional literary instruction into a dynamic, collaborative, and technology-enhanced learning experience, this study recommends the integration of weblog-based learning into literature curricula, supported by continuous teacher training and strengthened digital infrastructure. However, barriers such as unequal access to digital devices, unreliable internet connectivity, and varying levels of digital literacy among students must also be addressed for successful implementation

An In-Depth Analysis of Existing Models for Reconstruction of Events Involved in A Computer Crime

Moses Byaruhanga, Gilbert Gilibrays Ocen — Tue, 24 Jun 2025 16:15:00 +0200

In a research by [1], Crime scene event reconstruction is critical and plays a big role in crime investigation. The consistency and integrity of the crime scene and all corresponding evidence can easily be protected through keeping a clear trail of events that unfolded before, during, and after the crime was committed. Over the years, researchers have developed several models through which the events that led to the crime can be reconstructed. In this paper, we take a clear and a deeper analysis of the most frequently used models to explore their capability in ensuring the accuracy and consistency of results. The study considered a total of twenty-one (21) models and explored each phase outlined by the authors of the model. A mixed method was used in this study, involving both quantitative and qualitative methods interchangeably. The findings were analysed using the statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) version 22, which is widely used in social science, market research, and data mining among other fields, as noted by [2]. From the results of this paper, it was seen that a standardised model for crime scene event reconstruction is required that can better protect the integrity and the accuracy of evidence during and after crime scene investigation. Finally, the paper proposes a general recommendation to pave the way for further research and investigation regarding crime scene event reconstruction models

Integration of Information Communication Technology in Education in Ugandan Secondary Schools: Prospects for Improved Academic Performance

Anne Ampaire, PhD, Josephine Esaete, PhD, Loyce Kiiza Kobusingye, PhD — Mon, 30 Jun 2025 22:26:23 +0200

Integrating digital tools has significantly transformed education systems, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic, leading to a paradigm shift in teaching and learning. This study examined how Information and Communication Technology (ICT) influences the academic performance of secondary school students in Uganda. A qualitative exploratory design was adopted, involving purposive interviews with 80 students. The findings reveal that despite the challenges of high digital costs, students have widely embraced ICT in learning. Online platforms enhance student engagement and help clarify abstract concepts through simulations and demonstrations. Students can share learning content with peers and teachers on virtual platforms. Moreover, ICT tools supplement classroom instruction, bridge knowledge gaps, and empower learners to develop independent study habits and personalised learning strategies. The study concludes that ICT is a transformative force in education. It recommends developing and implementing a comprehensive national policy to support Uganda’s Digital Agenda Strategy (2021–2025). It further advocates for expanded digital infrastructure in all schools and subsidies on internet access and digital devices to ensure equitable access

Compliance with Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Standards in University Libraries in Uganda

Patrick Odong, Elisam Magara, PhD, Clement Lutaaya Nabutto, PhD — Mon, 07 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0200

This study assessed the compliance of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) services in Ugandan university libraries with national and international standards, using a mixed-methods design, juxtaposing the quantitative data obtained from library users and staff (n=433) in 12 universities with qualitative data from interviews, observations, and document reviews. Partial successes were recorded in forcing ICT acceptance on libraries, with libraries offering access to e-resources (mean=4.02) and to operational systems (mean=4.16), with libraries still facing challenges with the availability of computers (mean=2.48), slow Internet services (mean=2.69), limited off-campus access (mean=3.50), and inadequate training of users (mean=3.18). The study concludes that while basic ICT services exist, lapses in compliance are triggered by inadequate funding, lax policy implementation, and technological inefficiencies, calling for infrastructural overhauls, strengthened training provisions, implementation of cloud solutions, tightened ICT policy, and additional manpower to bring Ugandan university libraries to a global rank and promote academic excellence.

Has Increased Digitisation of Services Led to More Cyber Exposure? A Desk Review

Morrisson Mutuku, PhD — Tue, 08 Jul 2025 13:20:08 +0200

The rapid process of digitisation of services has changed economies, altered social relationships and changed the governance processes across geographies. It has, however, exposed people, organisations, and governments to numerous cyber threats. This paper discusses the relationship between digitalisation of services and cyber exposure by the use of the desk review method. Using international reports and focusing on global, African and Kenyan research, the paper has been able to identify a similar pattern nationally and internationally: although digitisation contributes to efficiency, it also increases the number of chances to get hacked, particularly when the cybersecurity capacity is lower than expected. Cybercrime has been on the increase in Kenya, especially in the areas of finance and e-commerce, as well as government services. In conclusion, the paper will argue that to make digital transformation as sustainable, there is a need to mainstream cybersecurity in digital transformation policies

Relation-Theoretical Reflection on Algorithmically Controlled Service Interaction: A Theoretical Analysis

Michelle Schulte — Thu, 10 Jul 2025 12:16:38 +0200

Digital service systems not only change processes but also the symbolic foundations of customer relationships. This work analyses, based on theory, how central relationship categories such as trust, closeness and commitment shift under conditions of algorithmic mediation. At the centre is the thesis that algorithmically mediated interactions do not generate classic relationships, but functional simulations of relational patterns. The analysis is carried out without empirical data collection and is based on system and interaction theory models, particularly those of Luhmann, Coleman, Maslow and Mead. Using the case study of the "cash machine" and supplementary observations in the retail and healthcare sectors, it is shown how technological systems replace social depth with functional reliability. Trust becomes a system expectation, proximity an interface gesture, and relationship a technical configuration. The study concludes with a theoretical condensation and discusses the need for new conceptual approaches beyond classical relationship theories. The work sees itself as a contribution to the conceptual clarification of algorithmically mediated social relationships and argues in favour of a differentiated view of digital service interaction beyond functionalist efficiency rhetoric and anthropomorphic illusions. The conceptual scope and lack of empirical data highlight the theoretical nature of this study and indicate directions for future empirical research

Analysing Electronic Gadget Usage and Makerere University Engineering Student Performance

Daniel Tusiimukye, James Kaconco — Thu, 17 Jul 2025 13:59:53 +0200

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the relationship between electronic gadget usage and academic performance among Makerere University engineering students in Uganda. Methods: A structured five-item Likert-scale 10-item questionnaire was used to collect data from 618 students at Makerere University School of Engineering. Smart PLS-SEM was employed to assess the measurement and structural models, including reliability, validity, and path analysis. Results: The findings indicate that electronic gadget usage has a statistically significant positive effect on engineering student performance (β = 0.673, p < 0.001), explaining 45.3% of the variance in academic performance at a 95% confidence interval. Convergent and discriminant validity were confirmed, and the model met acceptable thresholds for composite reliability. Conclusion: Electronic gadgets are essential tools that can enhance academic performance if used strategically. Their widespread use among engineering students offers both opportunities and challenges for academic success. Institutions should promote responsible use through structured digital literacy initiatives. This study contributes to the body of knowledge on the electronic gadget usage and student performance, offering practical recommendations for educators and policymakers to enhance academic outcomes

Quantum-resistant SSL/TLS: Preparing for Post-quantum Cryptography

Robert Tuhaise, Oscar Correia, Joseph Ocaya, Peter Gladino, Onongha Ekuri — Tue, 22 Jul 2025 18:43:12 +0200

The rise of quantum computing presents a significant threat to current cryptographic protocols, including SSL/TLS, which are fundamental to secure communication over the internet. This paper provides a comprehensive review of quantum-resistant SSL/TLS implementations to address the looming risks posed by quantum attacks. Using the PRISMA methodology, 766 articles were screened, with 27 meeting the inclusion criteria for in-depth analysis. The study evaluates the design, testing, and validation processes of quantum-resistant algorithms such as SPHINCS+, CRYSTALS-Kyber, and Dilithium, emphasising their integration into TLS 1.3. Key findings highlight advancements in algorithmic choices, protocol modifications, and security assurances while addressing challenges like computational overhead and compatibility issues. By offering a thorough assessment of current developments, this paper aims to guide future research and practical deployment of quantum-resistant cryptography to safeguard digital communications in the post-quantum era

Limitations of ICT Infrastructures in the Implementation of ICT Policy in Public Secondary Schools in Urambo District Council, Tanzania

Msomosi Mathias Mbawala, Sophia John Laiser — Thu, 24 Jul 2025 19:29:05 +0200

This study sought to analyse ICT infrastructure limitations in the implementation of ICT policy in public secondary schools in the Urambo District Council in the Tabora region in Tanzania. The study employed a qualitative research approach with a case study design and a sample of 40 research respondents selected through purposive and simple random sampling. Questionnaires and interview guides were used to collect data. The data were analysed through thematic analysis and descriptive statistics. Resource-based theory, developed by Jay Barney in 1991, underpinned the study. Infrastructure limitations hindering the implementation of ICT policy are a lack of computer laboratories, biogas and wind power, among others. The study recommends that policymakers and the government are to ensure the availability of materials and resources. Also, school administrators are to manage and ensure the availability of resources for the satisfactory implementation of the ICT policy. Finally, further researchers could investigate the level of implementation of ICT policy in private secondary schools

Adoption of the Fourth Industrial Revolution in the Library and Information Services Sector: Implications and Prospects for Uganda

Alice Gitta Kutyamukama, Andrew Ojulong, Alice Endra Ezuru, Mary Nalumansi — Tue, 05 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0200

The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) is characterised by advancements in the business models, transforming library and information services. To systematically explore the impact of the 4IR on library and information services, a comprehensive literature review was conducted employing predictive analysis. This methodology involved a multi-step process beginning with the identification of relevant literature through My LOFT, Research4Life, and Google Scholar. Keywords related to the Fourth Industrial Revolution, library services, big data, artificial intelligence, and digital transformation were used to filter sources. This approach enabled the identification of key patterns, potential impacts, and future directions in the integration of 4IR technologies within libraries. Through this rigorous analysis, the review aimed to provide a detailed and predictive understanding of how libraries can adapt to and leverage these emerging technologies to enhance their service delivery and operational efficiency. Findings suggest that the 4IR technological disruption is distinct in its speed, scope, and impact on systems. Libraries from low-resource settings face unique challenges in adopting these technologies due to the digital divide perpetrated by economic constraints and infrastructural limitations. However, they have the opportunity to narrow the divide and enhance service delivery through innovative use of 4IR technologies. Despite the magnificent possibilities, there are some sceptics raising privacy concerns, job displacement, and the need for significant investment in human capital and technology. However, this study recommends that libraries must adapt by embracing flexible work models, leveraging mobile apps, employing AI and robotics where affordable, and investing in high-speed internet. The Fourth Industrial Revolution compels libraries to reimagine their roles, ensuring they remain vital in the trending digital dispensation. As such, library professionals in Uganda must stay abreast of technological trends, continuously update their skills, and foster an inclusive approach to technology adoption to navigate and thrive in this new era.

Effect of ICT Usage on the Realisation of Refugees' Immigration Rights

Barozi Ronald, Rogers Barigayomwe, PhD — Wed, 13 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0200

This study investigated the effect of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) usage on the realisation of refugees' immigration rights, focusing on the International Organization for Migration (IOM) in Uganda. Utilising a mixed-methods approach, the research combines quantitative data from 150 refugees and IOM technical staff with qualitative insights gathered through interviews. The findings reveal a significant positive correlation (r = 0.524, p < 0.001) between ICT usage and the empowerment of refugees to understand and advocate for their rights. Respondents reported that ICT tools, such as mobile phones and access to online resources, greatly enhanced their comprehension of immigration processes and facilitated communication with support organisations. Descriptive statistics indicate that the average mean score across various statements related to ICT impact was 3.806, categorised as "Agree." Notably, access to online resources was rated highest (mean = 4.10), emphasising the critical role of digital tools in navigating the immigration landscape. However, challenges such as digital literacy, language barriers, and socioeconomic factors were also identified, which may hinder effective ICT utilisation. The study underscores the necessity for targeted ICT access initiatives, tailored training programs, and community engagement to enhance refugees' digital skills. Recommendations for policymakers include creating a comprehensive framework for monitoring and evaluating ICT initiatives to ensure they effectively address the evolving needs of refugee populations. This research contributes to the understanding of how ICT can empower refugees, ultimately fostering better advocacy for their immigration rights in Uganda and beyond.

Online Fraud and Cryptocurrency in Tanzania: Legal Issues Surrounding Cyber Scams

Herbert Ndimbo, Advocate Anne Malipula, PhD — Mon, 18 Aug 2025 12:35:09 +0200

Over the past decade, Tanzania has experienced significant digital transformation driven by increased internet access, mobile technology, and digital financial services. This growth has created fertile ground for innovations like blockchain and cryptocurrencies. Popular digital currencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum are now used locally for investment, remittances, and transactions, promoting financial inclusion and modernisation. However, these benefits are accompanied by rising risks, particularly online fraud. Criminal activities such as Ponzi schemes, phishing scams, fraudulent Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs), and ransomware attacks have increased, exploiting limited public awareness and weak institutional oversight. Tanzanian law enforcement and regulatory bodies often lack the technical expertise and jurisdictional reach to respond effectively, leaving victims vulnerable and eroding trust in digital finance. This paper examines the legal and regulatory challenges posed by cryptocurrency-related fraud in Tanzania. It analyses key domestic laws, including the Cybercrimes Act 2015, Electronic Transactions Act 2015, and Anti-Money Laundering Act 2006. While these laws address cybercrime broadly, they lack specific provisions related to cryptocurrencies, such as clear definitions, asset tracing mechanisms, and cross-border cooperation tools. Drawing on Tanzanian case studies, legal literature, and international examples from countries like the UK and Japan, the study identifies legal gaps and highlights successful regulatory strategies abroad, including crypto exchange licensing, Know Your Customer (KYC) rules, and public education campaigns. The paper concludes by recommending comprehensive reforms to strengthen Tanzania’s legal framework, enhance regulatory oversight, promote public awareness, and develop cross-border enforcement strategies to protect the integrity of the country’s digital financial ecosystem.

Comparison of Deep Learning Models in Predicting Water Deficits in Semi-Arid Regions: A Case Study of Dodoma, Tanzania

Nyamgambwa Sabi James, Othmar Othmar Mwambe, Gustaph Sanga, Eliphas Tongora — Mon, 25 Aug 2025 15:42:45 +0200

The escalating global freshwater shortage is driven by socio-economic development, changing consumption patterns, and systemic inefficiencies, with semi-arid regions like Dodoma, Tanzania, being especially vulnerable. Traditional statistical and regression-based models for predicting water deficits have proven insufficient in capturing the complex, nonlinear interactions among climatic, hydrological, and anthropogenic factors. To address this gap, this study proposes a deep learning-based predictive framework utilising advanced algorithms, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN), and Deep Neural Networks (DNN) to improve the forecasting of water deficits. Using a thirteen-year (13) dataset collected from the semi-arid climate region of Dodoma, encompassing meteorological, hydrological, and socioeconomic variables. The models were trained and evaluated using performance metrics such as Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and R-squared (R²). The DNN model demonstrated superior performance with an RMSE of 0.049 and an R² of 1.000, significantly outperforming other models. LSTM, CNN, and RNN models showed moderate to weak predictive accuracy, particularly in handling long-term dependencies and extreme deficit events. The key finding of this study is that the DNN model provides highly reliable and accurate water deficit predictions, making it the most effective among the tested deep learning approaches. This result highlights the value of incorporating deep learning into water resource planning, especially in data-scarce, semi-arid regions. The study concludes that DNN-based models should be prioritised for operational deployment in early warning systems and decision-making platforms. Future work should explore hybrid architectures, hyperparameter tuning, and integration with real-time data sources to enhance robustness and applicability